Abstract
The spread of religious millenarianism in the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has raised significant questions about religious movement in those countries. The Baha’i religion provides an important case and relevant context as the Baha’i movement has been paralyzed in its country of origin, Iran, since the beginning of the movement in 1844. To avoid persecution and violence, many Baha’i adherents moved to other regions in Southeast Asia. The Baha’i religion is committed to developing educational skills, economic sustainability, gender empowerment, and social movements. Thus, ASEAN encompasses a dynamic and diverse region that aims to provide social, religious, economic, and cultural security for ASEAN citizens. Minority religions such as the Baha’i community, which at the times are victims of conflict and violence, play an important role in achieving those aims. Conversely, religious violence and conflict may be seen as part of the regional deficit in terms of religious freedom and tolerance. In this context, my study tries to examine religious millenarianism and the future evolution of the ASEAN community. The study investigates the co-existence of the Baha’i community with other religious groups such as Muslim, Christian, and Buddhist in their social, political, and cultural negotiations. As the Baha’i engage on some social and political issues in globalization and embrace liberalism and pluralism in the public space, I argue that this study contributes to scholarship in terms of understanding the fate of religious millenarianism in the future of the ASEAN community.
Speaker
Amanah Nurish Ph.D Cand Researcher of Baha’i studies. She is pursuing doctorate at ICRS UGM-Yogyakarta and working as consultant of USAID team-Washington for assessment program, “Fragility and Conflict”. She wrote book chapters, articles, and journals. Her latest publications: Sufism and Baha’ism: The Crossroads of Religious Movement in Southeast Asia (2016, Equinox publisher, London) Perjumpaan Baha’i Dan Syiah Di Asia Tenggara (2016, Maarif Jurnal, Jakarta) Welcoming Baha’i: New Official Religion In Indonesia (2014, The Jakarta Post) Social Injustice and Problem Of Human Rights In Indonesian Baha’is Community (2012, En Arche Journal, Yogyakarta) etc. She received prestigious awards for her academic works such as King Abdullah Bin Abdulazis’s interfaith center-Vienna, SEASREP-Philippine, ENITS-Thailand, Luce & Ford Foundation-USA, ARI-NUS, etc. With her teamwork, she is currently undertaking a broader anthropological research on “ Religious Millenarianism in ASEAN countries” for publication supported by Arizona State University of America.
religion
Abstract
One of the great debates among religious believers is about the relationship between their religion and culture. Is culture an obstacle to religion or is culture its vehicle? This lecture explores the cultural issues within Christianity and the problem and possibilities of the concept of culture to understanding religions. Related themes of history and globalization will be considered.
Speaker
Charles Fahardian, Ph.D is chair and professor of the Department of Religious Studies, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, CA. He has investigated diverse themes such as nation making, globalization, and worship. He teaches courses in the world religions and Christian mission. He studied at Seattle Pacific University (B.A), Yale University (M.Div), and Boston University (Ph.D)
Farihatul Qamariyah | CRCS | Thesis Review
The discourse of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans gender identities) is being contested everywhere lately in global discussion. Identity, gender, and human rights have generally provided the frame work for debate. The issue of LGBT is also critically regarded as a significant case within religion. Scholars such as Kecia Ali and Scott Kugle are attempting to reinterpret and rethink Islam as a religion which is commonly understood as a blessing for all of mankind, in which contextually this religious essence also can accommodate diversity that extends to the acceptance of LGBT Muslims. Another example of this rethinking is the CRCS Student’s, Hary Widyantoro, thesis Rethinking Waria Discourse in Indonesian and Global Islam which examines the collaboration between Nahdlatul Ulama Islamic University activists and Waria santri at the Pesantren Waria al-Fatah which is located in Yogyakarta.
This research looks at the collaboration of scholar activists from Syariah and Law Faculty of Nahdlatul Ulama University of Jepara and waria santri (students of Islam who are born male but identify as feminine, terms discussed below), in rethinking and reconstructing the subjectivity of waria in Indonesian Islamic, thinking through the engagement of activities including in the space of social structure and religious lives. Significantly, this study can be a critical instrument in the field of both gender and religious studies, to examine how these scholar-activists are creating new ways of seeing waria from Qur’an and hadith and of teaching Islam to them as the subjects rather than objects of research. Moreover, it shows the process of rethinking which can offer an alternative view and hope for those who are not associated in the binary gender of male and female. The research questions which are raised up are: how do the scholar activists of Nahdlatul Ulama Islamic University of Jepara rethink the waria subject position? How did they develop the idea of religious partnership with the Pesantren Waria al-Fatah Yogyakarta? And what kind of waria discourse that the scholar activists suggested to provide a room for waria in social and religious lives?
It is clear that the discourse of LGBT however is not only talked over in the stage of global, but also at a local level such as in Indonesia. To see the case of waria santri in terms of transgender discourse and the activism of NU scholars in the act of collaboration, the author utilizes the theoretical application on Boellstorff’s idea on global and local suggestion and Foucault’s on the term of subjectivity as well as power relation in his genealogical approach. In analysis, using waria as the chosen terminology in this case marks their identity as a local phenomenon rather than transgender women to use a global term. This term became the primary term for this group after it was used by Minister of Religious Affairs Alamsyah in the 1970s. While taking the framework of Boellstorff on subjectivity and power relation, it helps the author in figuring out and understanding completely on how Muslims activists from NU University rethink of waria discourse, and how it is discussed by Muslims activist and the waria in the Pesantren. Additionally, subjectivity becomes the key point where the author can examine the role of waria based on the activists’ perspectives as a subject of their religiosities and of the truth of their beings, rather than only objects of views.
Waria as one of the local terms in Indonesia represents an actor of transgender in LGBT association that often experience such discrimination and become the object of condemnation. For waria, Identity is the main problem in the aspect of gender in Indonesian law. For instance, Indonesian identity cards only provide a male and female gender options, based on the Population Administration Law, and by the Marriage Law (No. 1/1974). By this law, they will have some difficulties to access the public services. Another problem regarding the social recognition, waria is perceived as people with social welfare problems, based on the Regulation of the Ministry of Social Affairs (No. 8/2012) that must be rehabilitated as a kind of solution. Furthermore, in the religious landscape, the content of fiqh (an Islamic jurisprudence) does not have much discussion on waria matters when compared to male and female stuff. Briefly, these are the problems that the scholar activists seek to answer.In the local course of Indonesian context, scholar-activists at Nahdlatul Ulama Islamic University of Jepara (UNISNU) educate Islamic religion to transgender students at the Pesantren Waria al-Fatah as the act of acknowledging their existence and their subjectivity to express identity and religiosity within ritual as well as practice.
Addressing this complicated context, the questions of transgender discourse represented by santri waria in this research is not only about the constitutional rights but also attach their religious lives in terms of Islamic teaching and also practice. While what the scholars identify as “humanism” is the basic framework in dealing with this issue, the universal perception of humanism in secular nature is different from the Muslim scholars’ understanding the idea of humanism when it relates to Islamic religion. Referring to this discussion, the NU activists have another view point in looking at waria as a human and Islam as a religion with its blessing for all mankind without exception. Hence, this overview leads them to rethink and reinterpret the particular texts in Islam, and then work with them in collaboration.
Since the term of collaboration becomes the key word in this research, the author gives a general framework on what so – called a collaboration in relation with the context of observation. The background is on the equal relation between scholar-activists and waria santri in the sense that the activists do not force or impose their perspective on waria. For instance, they allow waria santri to pray and to express their identity based on how they feel comfortable with the condition. In regard to the research process, the author conducted interviews and was a participant observer both in the Pesantren Waria al-Fatah in Yogyakarta and in the UNISNU campus, Jepara. He interviewed six Muslims scholar-activists from UNISNU concerning the monthly program they lead in Pesantren Waria especially about how they rethink waria discourse and its relation to religious and social lives, and another important point is on the scholars’ intention to do the collaboration. Furthermore, the author also draws on the history and programs of the pesantren by interviewing Shinta, who became the leader of the pesantren in 2014 following the death of the founder. He also made use of the Religious Practice Partnering Program’s proposal and accountability report and explored the scholars’ institution and communities where they have relation with to get some additional information about their engagement. The additional context is on the scholars’ affiliation, in this case bringing up the background of Nahdlatul Ulama as one of the biggest Muslims socio-religious organization known as Muslim Traditionalist and Indonesian Muslim Movement (PMII) which both of them apply the similar characteristic on ideology which is ahl al-sunnah wa al-jama’ah.
To some extent, the collaboration of scholar activists of Nahdlatul Ulama Islamic University and the santri waria at Pesantren Waria Al Falah rethinks the waria subject position in both their social and religious lives. First, they rethink the normative male – female gender binary which is often considered deviant, an assumption which causes the waria to experience rejection and fear in both their social and religious lives. The same thing happens as well in Islamic jurisprudence known as fiqh, where discussion of waria is absent and, consequently, they find it difficult to express their religiosities, including even whether to pray with men in the front or women behind, and which prayer garments to put on in order to pray.
According to Nur Kholis, the leader of the program from NU University and a scholar of fiqhwhose academic interest is the place of waria in Islamic Law, one answer can be found by categorizing waria as Mukhanats, and then considering them as humans equally as others. He argues that waria have existed since the Prophet’s time considered as mukhanats (a term for the men behave like women in Prophet’s time, according to certain hadith) by nature, or by destiny, and not by convenience. Understanding waria as mukhanats based on their gender consciousness can be a gate for waria to find space in Islam and also their social lives. The following significant finding related to this context is on the genealogy of the process of rethinking waria subject position. The author argues that this rethinking is grounded in Islamic Liberation theology and the method of ahl sunnah wa al-jama’ah, as way of thinking within PMII and NU have contributed and influenced how the activists think of waria subject discourse.
The last important landscape is on the perspective seeing waria as the subject of knowledge, sexualities, and religiosities, covered by the term gender consciousness. This term is the result of rethinking and acknowledging waria subjectivity in understanding their subject position in social and religious lives.Pragmatically, this statement provides a tool of framework to recognize waria as equally with others. It can be seen from the real affiliation of several events, which are parts of Religious Practice Partnering Program, such as Isra’ Mi’raj and Fiqh Indonesia Seminar. Furthermore, this kind of recognition emerges within the global and local concept of Islamic liberation theology and aswaja that make them consider waria as minorities which should be protected, rather than discriminated.
Finally, in such reflection, the discourse of LGBT represented by waria santri, the activism of NU scholars, and their interaction in collaboration notify an alternative worldview to discern a global issue from the local context, in this case is Indonesia. The author concludes the result of this research by saying that this kind of discourse is formed through referring Islamic liberation theology, aswaja, and more specifically the term mukhanats, within global Islam. In the process of interaction, these are interpreted and understood within local context of Indonesia presented by waria case in terms of social and religious life through the act of collaboration under the umbrella of Nahdlatul Ulama and PMII, as organizations tied by aswaja both ideology and methodology. In brief, the rethinking of waria space in the context of Indonesian Islam at the intersection of local and global offers a new expectation and gives a recommendation for all people who do not fit gender binaries but they seek religious practice and experience in their lives.
Rethinking Waria Discourse in Indonesian and Global Islam: The Collaboration between Nahdlatul Ulama Islamic University Activists and Waria Santri | Author: Hary Widyantoro (CRCS, 2013)
Azis Anwar Fachrudin | CRCS | Book Review
How has Tarot, which was originally foreign to Indonesians, been practiced by Javanese people? Has there been any kind of adaptation of the practice to embrace Javanese local culture? Using etnography as a research method, the book by Achmad Fawaid entitled Ethnography of Tarot: Politics of Localizing Occultism in Java provides historical accounts and analitical study of the localization of the practice in Java.
The main question addressed by the book, originating from Fawaid’s master’s thesis at CRCS, UGM, is how Javanese belief system has made influences on Tarot and its Javanese practitioners. Many of the book’s data are based on interviews with Javanese Tarot practitioners themselves, examined by using the lenses of the theories developed on etnographic studies or anthropology. The book then argues that Javanese Tarot practitioners have “localized” the global “occult” practice and that this localization could be understood in terms of “adaptation”, “acculturation”, indigenization”, or “hybridization”—each of these concepts are elaborated in the book.
The book suggests that in the process of localization the Western Tarot practice has been intertwined with Javanese esoteric occultism. The kebatinan ideas, quite popular among Javanese people, such as tapa, samadi, mutih, wayang performance, and Javenese traditional healing, have been absorbed and carried out in the process of localization—this is the fact that some Javanese Muslims later accuse the practice to be deviant constituting a form of shirk, klenik, perdukunan or a kind of shamanism.
The research findings the book poses is that (1) Javanese Tarot practitioners have negotiated themselves in the cultic milieu they are living in by “localizing their alias, communities, Tarot reading strategies, Tarot decks, and their personal preference to gather in candi”; and that (2) Tarot practice in Java has closely been connected to some Javanese belief systems, such as rasa and kahanan, and this makes the practitioners practice Javanism, either consciously or unconsciouly, while playing Tarot. Because of these two, Fawaid argues, the localization of Tarot in Java has lead to a “cultural ambivalence” as an implication that the practitioners cannot be free from it as they are practicing global occult practice while maintaining Javanese cultural identity.
In the end, as stated in the epilogue of the book, Fawaid argues that this process of localization as a way of examinig Tarot practices should be a contribution to “occult discourse”. He critizes the common assumption that Tarot reading is strictly divided into three characteristics: psychology, intuition, and spirituality. Fawaid poses one element missing, that is, localization in the forms of abovementioned concepts which should be added in the discourse and which shows a hybridity within Tarot practices between local beliefs and global practices.
Overall, the book lays a foundation for further research on the case; the etnographic accounts of Javanese Tarot have been quite deeply examined in the book. If there is one question to stimulate further research, it can be a more philosophical discussion, that is, why Tarot is considered an occult practice. The book elaborates anthropological concepts (acculturation, indigenization, hybridity, etc.) but for the most part, it seems, it takes the concept of occultism for granted. Occultism, like the concept of religion, which may contain a modern construction of meaning, should be more philosophically discussed and critically examined in the first place. In fact, this has become within the heart of the problem when Javanese Tarot practitioners try to negotiate their identity with religious milieu of Javanese people.
Ethnography of Tarot: Politics of Localizing Occultism in Java | Author: Achmad Fawaid | Publisher: Ganding Pustaka, Yogyakarta | Year Publishing: November 2015 | Pages: 208 pages
A.S. Sudjatna | CRCS | News
“Boleh mengambil apa pun dari alam, asal sesuai haknya. Jangan berlebih. Ada hak Allah yang harus dipenuhi di sana, yakni keseimbangan. Namun jika berlebih, maka namanya mencuri, menzalimi hak Allah, mengambil lebih dari haknya.”
Itulah sekelumit nasihat dari Iskandar Waworuntu terhadap para mahasiswa CRCS yang mengadakan kunjungan ke Bumi-Langit, Kamis 17 November 2015. Menempati tanah seluas kurang lebih tiga hektar di wilayah Imogiri, Yogyakarta, Bumi-Langit merupakan tempat tinggal keluarga Iskandar Woworuntu yang sekaligus difungsikan sebagai contoh implementasi dari permaculture. Lokasi ini terletak tak jauh dari Pemakaman Imogiri, tempat dimakamkannya raja-raja Kesultanan Mataram. Bahkan, dari pendopo warung Bumi-Langit, pengunjung dapat melihat secara jelas kompleks pemakaman raja-raja tersebut.
Permaculture sendiri merupakan istilah dari gabungan dua kata, yakni permanent dan agriculture yang kemudian mengalami pergeseran menjadi permanent culture. Permaculture sebagai sebuah sistem yang teratur dan dapat dipelajari serta dipraktikkan mulai dikenalkan oleh Bill Mollison dan David Holmgren pada tahun 1978. Dalam hal ini, Mollison mendefinisikan permaculture sebagai sebuah filosofi tentang kerjasama dengan alam, bukan menaklukannya; tentang pengamatan dan penelusuran dan bukan pemikiran penggarap; tentang memperhatikan terhadap semua fungsi tanaman serta binatang dan bukan pendekatan yang menjadikan sebuah area sebagai sistem produksi tunggal. Artinya, permaculture merupakan sebuah sistem yang didesain sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat memaksimalkan fungsi alam untuk keberlangsungan kehidupan tanpa harus merusak atau menyalahi kodrat alam itu sendiri. Iskandar menyebutkan bahwa permaculture adalah sebuah ilmu untuk mendesain hidup manusia sesuai dengan tugasnya sebagai khalifah—penatalayan atau steward dalam istilah Kristen—di muka bumi, di mana manusia dapat memiliki kemampuan untuk mewujudkan kehidupan sesuai dengan yang dikehendaki oleh Tuhan.
Dalam kunjungan kuliah lapangan ini, rombongan mahasiswa CRCS diajak berkeliling melihat pertanian, peternakan, dan hunian keluarga Iskandar dalam kompleks Bumi-Langit yang terintegrasi dalam sebuah sistem terpadu, di mana seluruh bagian yang ada di Bumi-Langit—semisal peternakan sapi, ayam, dan kelinci, serta ladang dan hunian tempat tinggal manusia—memiliki keterkaitan hubungan yang saling menguntungkan. Sistem pembuangan kotoran manusia dan hewan, misalnya, ditampung di dalam sebuah tempat khusus untuk kemudian diolah menjadi biogas yang digunakan untuk memasak dan keperluan lainnya. Begitu pula, sisa jerami pakan sapi digunakan sebagai pupuk kompos dan lahan pembiakan cacing, di mana cacing-cacing ini dapat digunakan sebagai pakan ternak lainnya serta alat penggembur tanah. Sistem permaculture yang diterapkan di Bumi-Langit memang sangat menekankan akan ketiadaan unsur limbah berlebih yang disebut sebagai fasad oleh Iskandar. Fasad berarti suatu kerusakan yang diakibatkan oleh ulah buruk atau kezaliman manusia, dan salah satu bentuknya adalah limbah.
Menurut Iskandar, limbah dalam kadar kewajarannya bukanlah masalah atau sebuah fasad. Sebab, secara alamiah limbah itu akan terurai dalam waktu yang cukup singkat. Namun, jika limbah itu berada di luar kewajaran akibat adanya campur tangan tindakan buruk manusia—misalnya tindakan eksesif saat menggunakan suatu benda atau sumber daya alam, sehingga limbah yang dihasilkan tidak dapat diurai secara alami atau membutuhkan waktu yang sangat panjang—maka itulah fasad yang harus dihindari. Menurut Iskandar, bumi tempat tinggal manusia, alam dan segala makhluk yang ada ini diciptakan oleh Tuhan dengan ukuran atau kadarnya masing-masing. Ukuran-ukuran itulah yang membuat alam ini berada dalam kondisi yang stabil dan harmoni. Namun, jika ukuran ini diganggu atau diambil tanpa perhitungan yang jelas, kestabilan ini akan terusik dan dapat memicu kerugian yang signifikan bagi kehidupan di bumi ini. Contoh nyata dalam hal ini misalnya bencana longsor atau banjir yang diakibatkan adanya penebangan hutan secara liar dan massif. Secara alami, alam memang memiliki kemampuan untuk menyeimbangkan kembali ukuran-ukuraan yang telah diambil tersebut, namun eksploitasi dan cara-cara eksesif yang dilakukan manusia kerap membuat alam membutuhkan waktu yang lebih lama dalam proses penyeimbangan tersebut, atau bahkan membuat alam sama sekali tidak dapat memperbaikinya sebab kerusakan yang ditimbulkan bersifat permanen.
Menurut Iskandar, hal pertama yang harus dipelajari dan senantiasa dijadikan landasan dalam segala bentuk praktik permaculture adalah etika. Di dalam Islam, etika ini dikenal dengan istilah adab. Di dalam penerapan permaculture ini, Iskandar memang lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh ajaran Islam yang dianutnya. Menurut iskandar, adab adalah titik awal untuk melakukan apa pun di dunia ini. Tanpa adab, seseorang akan selalu mendapat masalah saat melakukan apa pun. Adab permaculture, menurut Iskandar, ada tiga. Pertama, care for the Earth; kedua, care for humanity; dan ketiga, fair share, baik terhadap manusia maupun ciptaan Tuhan yang lainnya. Bumi berada di urutan pertama sebab ia mewakili alam secara keseluruhan. Dalam hal ini, Iskandar menjelaskan bahwa seseorang tidak akan mungkin memiliki hubungan kemanusiaan yang baik atau sanggup membangun peradaban manusia yang baik jika tidak memiliki etika yang baik terhadap alam. Bahkan, menurutnya, manusia sendiri adalah bagian tak terpisahkan dari alam ini. Manusia yang terdiri dari sistem pencernaan, saraf, napas, atau darah—termasuk pula sistem transenden yang belum dipahami manusia—adalah sebuah internal ekosistem. Sedangkan bumi dan seluruh makhluk lainnya adalah eksternal ekosistem. “Jadi, jika kita tidak memiliki hubungan yang baik dengan internal maupun eksternal ekosistem, tidak mungkin kita memiliki hubungan baik dengan manusia apalagi membangun peradaban,” ucap Iskandar saat ditanya mengapa manusia tidak berada dalam urutan pertama. Hal ini tentu sangat bertolak belakang dengan pemahaman umum yang cenderung bersifat antroposentrisme, di mana manusia menjadi pusat bagi kehidupan di dunia ini.
Iskandar menjelaskan bahwa yang dilakukan oleh permaculture adalah sebuah pendekatan holistik bagi keberlangsungan kehidupan bumi dan peradaban manusia. Dengan adanya pendekatan holistik ini, maka manusia tidak keluar dari kodratnya sebagai khalifah di muka bumi, yakni pihak yang bertanggung jawab untuk mengatur, mengurus dan menjamin keberlangsungan kehidupan di dunia ini dengan harmoni, bukan mengeksploitasi semua kekayaan alam demi kepuasan pribadinya. Karenanya, menurut Iskandar, maksud dari holistik di sini dapat bermakna menyeluruh maupun suci atau agung. Artinya, sistem yang digunakan mestinya tidak keluar dari garis-garis ketentuan Tuhan dan senantiasa bertujuan demi menjalankan perintah-Nya. Dengan begitu, segala perilaku manusia yang hadir di bawah kontrol sistem tersebut dapat dimaknai sebagai bentuk ibadah yang memiliki kontinuitas, sebab nilai-nilai kebaikan yang dibangunnya tidak terhenti pada satu generasi semata. Di dalam bahasa Islam, menurut Iskandar, hal ini disebut dengan amal jariyah, yakni amal perbuatan yang pahalanya senantiasa mengalir terus walau pelaku perbuatan tersebut telah tiada.
Permaculture dengan segala prinsip, metode, dan praksisnya terbukti dapat menjamin keberlangsungan nilai-nilai kebaikan itu. Keterjaminan kontinuitas nilai-nilai kebaikan inilah yang dibutuhkan bagi hadirnya kontinuitas kehidupan atau peradaban di muka bumi. Oleh sebab itu permaculture ini, di dalam pandangan Iskandar, amatlah penting untuk dipelajari dan implemetasikan di dalam kehidupan manusia. “Karena,” ucap lelaki blasteran Indonesia-Inggris ini, “saat kebaikan itu terputus, terancamlah peradaban tersebut. Dan ini sesuatu yang bukan hanya menjadi keterancaman dunia, bahkan menjadi keterancaman akhirat. Sebab sebetulnya garis amal jariyah, garis amal kebaikan, diturunkan dari satu generasi ke generasi lain sebagai bagian dari keberkahan manusia. Pada saat terjadi gangguan-gangguan terhadap keberkahan tersebut, kita jadi kehilangan doa dari masa lalu.”
Permaculture selalu meniru prinsip alam di dalam cara kerjanya. Hal ini dilakukan untuk menghindari efek negatif yang kemungkinan akan ditimbulkan dan dapat merusak ekosistem. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat di dalam dua belas prinsip desain permaculture, yaitu mengamati dan berinteraksi, menangkap dan menyimpan energi, mendapatkan hasil, menerapkan didiplin atas kebijakan yang diberlakukan namun mampu pula menerima masukan, menggunakan sumber daya terbarukan dan anugerah dari alam, tanpa menghasilkan limbah, desain dari pola hingga detail garapan, lebih mengintegrasikan daripada memisahkan, gunakan solusi kecil dan lambat, menggunakan dan menghargai keanekaragaman, gunakan tepi dan menghargai marginal, serta menggunakan secara kreatif dan merespon perubahan. Dengan menggunakan prinsip-prinsip tersebut, manusia dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pokoknya untuk hidup dan berkembang tanpa harus merusak alam dan masa depan kehidupan bumi.
Kunjungan siang itu ditutup dengan acara makan siang dan diskusi ringan di pendopo yang difungsikan sebagai warung Bumi-Langit. Pada kesempatan itu, Iskandar banyak memberikan “sentilan” terhadap pola hidup manusia modern di perkotaan yang menurutnya telah jauh menyimpang dari kodrat manusia sebagai khalifah di muka Bumi. Ia menyebutkan bahwa pada masa poskolonialisme, negara-negara jajahan—termasuk Indonesia—memang telah diberi kebebasan dan memiliki pemerintahannya sendiri, tetapi kebebasan mereka harus mengacu kepada hukum-hukum Barat, sistem Barat; sistem kesehatan Barat, sistem pendidikan Barat dan sebagainya. Sehingga, kian hari kian miriplah masyarakat yang dulu terjajah itu dengan orang Barat. Hal inilah yang kemudian menyebabkan mereka semakin terkungkung di dalam kehidupan ini, terutama secara spiritual. Imbasnya, masyarakat dunia ini semakin jauh dari fungsi utamanya, yakni sebagai pemakmur atau pengelola bumi—khalifah. Alih-alih jadi pemakmur, justru kebanyakan masyarakat saat ini berubah menjadi perusak bumi dan kehidupannya. Di akhir obrolan, Iskandar mengungkapkan harapannya. Ia ingin menjadikan Bumi-Langit dengan permaculture-nya yang telah ia rintis sejak 2006 itu sebagai tempat lahirnya para khalifah itu. Karenanya, ia juga mendirikan yayasan Bumi-Langit Institute yang menaungi segala bentuk kegiatan pembelajaran dan sarana berbagi ilmu mengenai permaculture. Dengan begitu, ia berharap anak-anak desa akan mendapatkan kepercayaan diri dan meyakini bahwa ada kemuliaan di desa, sehingga mereka tidak terpukau dan pergi ke kota. Selain itu, ia juga ingin menunjukkan bahwa ada banyak nilai kearifan di alam kepada anak-anak kota. Melalui Bumi-langit Institute ini, Iskandar telah menunjukkan bahwa agama dengan segala doktrinnya tidaklah terpisahkan dari kehidupan dunia ini. Bahkan, agama dapat menjadi salah satu solusi bagi permasalahan ekologis dan keterjaminan keberlangsungan kehidupan di Bumi ini.
(Editor: Azis A. Fachrudin)
Farihatul Qamariyah | CRCS | News
New work in exploring new directions in re-contextualizing and re-conceptualizing Southeast Asia and Southeast Asian Studies was the main feature of the international conference hosted by Southeast Asian Studies Program and International Studies (ASEAN – China) International Program, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand. This program was conducted in the Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University Tha Phrachan center in Bangkok on 15 – 16 January 2016. It was the second event held by the center of Southeast Asian Studies, Thammasat University in collaboration with University of Gadjah Mada Research Center. The first was held on 2 – 3 May 2014 at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
As shown in its title “Making Southeast Asia and Beyond,” this conference had three important objectives. First, it was a space to encourage the exchange of views, experiences, and findings among senior scholars, young researchers and students. The second objective was to offer a platform for students to present their research and findings. The last, this event becomes the medium to promote academic and research collaboration between universities in ASEAN Community. The conference welcomed a variety of papers dealing with historical, cultural, political, social, religious, or multidisciplinary researches as the stage to share and engage issues concerning Southeast Asia.
This conference was attended by many scholars, graduate students, and researchers coming from several universities in Thailand and Indonesia. During two days, there were three seminar sessions and five panel discussions. The topics of the seminars were “New players in Southeast Asia,” “Southeast Asia and East Asia: Interconnections,” and “Indonesia and Muslim Studies: a New Perspective.” The panel discussions were focused on “Media and Business in Southeast Asia,” “Religion and Identity,” “Tourism and Management,” “Cultural Politics in Asia,” and “Memory and Modernity.”
The heart of motivation for this program could be summed up through some words delivered by the keynote speaker, Emeritus Professor Charnvit Kasetsiri from Thammasat University. In the opening session of his speech topic “From Southeast Asian Studies to ASEAN: Back to the Future?” he said that the opportunities are good for Southeast Asia and for ASEAN, but the region also needs integration –the possibility of a dream of one vision, one identity, and one community. Consequently, our efforts to reach this future, should be in line with the blueprints for political security, and all economic, and socio – cultural aspects in the ASEAN charter.
The Center of Religion and Cross – cultural Studies (CRCS), University of Gadjah Mada, was also invited to participate in this conference. Suhadi, as one of the lecturers, was a speaker in the first session of the seminar entitled “New Players in Southeast Asia” from the perspective of religious studies. Two students, Farihatul Qamariyah and Abdul Mujib from the batch 2014, presented their papers in the panel discussion on “Religion and Identity.” (Editor: Greg Vanderbilt)