Anang G. Alfian | CRCS | Article
The national news was shocked by a presence of nine middle-aged women pouring cement on their feet. It was on 13th April 2016, and the ‘Nine Kartini’ had made a long march from their villages in central Java to Jakarta to protest in front of Presidential Palace against a plan to build a cement company in Kendheng Mountain near Rembang, Pati, Grobogan.
Wanting to know more and study the problems faced by those women as well as the Samin indigenous culture, CRCS and ICRS students and lecturers traveled to Kendheng on Thursday-Friday, 24-25 November. This trip was aimed to give students an understanding of the real problems faced by the minority in preserving their lands and the place of religion and spirituality in their struggles.
Samin people have been famous recently for their resistance to cement production in Kendheng. Naming their community after their charismatic leader of the past, Samin Surosentiko, they have adopted his values of non-violence, reverence for life, resistance to injustice, bravery, and honesty.
In this trip, we were going to reflect what we had studied in the class involving subjects like religion and ecology, academic study of religion, and religion and conflict. Accompanied by Dewi Candraningrum, a feminist scholar and guest lecturer in our religion and ecology class, we were guided to reach their place in Sukolilo, Pati.
It took a five-hour journey by car to get there. As we arrived at Omah Kendheng, the place where Samin people gather, we were welcomed with warm hospitality. In the house with a wall made of woods and decorated with jugs attached around the wall, we catch an impression of a traditional Javanese nuance. There was also a gamelan in the right corner of the hall used by Samin people to preserve Javanese music and educate teenagers of their inheritance. Pak Gunretno, the leader, greeted us and served us lunch before we had discussion as planned.
Soon after that, we introduced ourselves and began the discussion. Started from Pak Gunretno, some important figures shared their explanation that the resistance to the cement company was because they want to preserve Kendheng Mountain. They proclaimed that it was their duty to preserve what they inherit from their ancestors. For them, nature is like a mother because it gives birth to natural resources for humans to consume. Therefore, exploiting it will only make the nature imbalanced and suffering from severe damage. Moreover, they argued that Central Java is supposed to be the source of rice fields and not exploited for underground materials.
Moreover, they explained about their refusal to receive a formal education. For them, the goal of education is to teach how to behave in a good way and live with wisdom. They are also famous for not taking any profession or occupation besides farming because they believe that the farm itself is enough to give them life. Other questions about their resistance and history were also asked by the students. Finally, the discussion ended in the early evening and we continued watching movie made by them as their resistance to the cement company. The next day, we visited some places like the forest where the source of water used for the field irrigation and we ended up in the sacred tomb of spiritual figure. The forest has been preserved and it is forbidden for anyone, including locals, to exploit it. The sacred tomb is the place where people sometimes gather to pray and have rituals.
Finally, before we had to go back to Jogjakarta, we discussed with the lecturers about what we had learned from this community. Zainal Abidin Bagir, the head of CRCS and the lecturer of Religion, Science, and Ecology, argued that the mountain is their identity and they cannot live without it. That is why they struggle so hard for preserving the mountain from mining production. They were really dependent on water and land. Moreover, he said that we can also articulate the interdependency of knowledge and authority. In this case, Samin people has been much influenced by their charismatic leader, Pak Gunretno, who leads the movement. However, this kind of knowledge-authority relationship is also there within academic life like the production of science that inevitably has to bow to certain authority.
Nevertheless, this trip opened our minds to the problems of minorities and modern life. It is interesting how indigenous religion has to struggle for preserving the mountain but, on the other hand, modern world demands more natural resources for consumption. In religion and conflict perspectives, for instance, we can observe this soft resistance of Samin people and what possible ways there are to reach for a solution. Many perspectives and experiences are as well needed to contribute and get involved in the academic study of religion.
Arsip:
Ekologi
Jekonia Tarigan | CRCS UGM | SPK News
Dapatkah bumi, air atau bahkan banjir berbicara? Pertanyaan ini disodorkan Dewi Candraningrum, fasilitator pada pada hari ke dua Sekolah Pengelolaan Keragaman (SPK) VIII. Pada sesi ke tiga yang bertema “Politics of Identity: Gender, Sexuality, Ecology”, Dewi menggugah peserta SPK VIII untuk menggumuli kembali perbincangan tentang subyektivitas yang tak terbatas pada manusia.
Alam dan bahkan bencana alam juga memiliki suara dan mereka telah berbicara kepada kita semua dengan suara yang sangat keras. Banjir telah berbicara kepada kita bahwa saat ini ia sudah tidak punya rumah lagi. Hutan sudah gundul dan tidak ada lagi daerah resapan air yang cukup menampung semua air hujan, hingga banjir pun berkata. “Aku sudah tidak punya rumah, sekarang aku akan masuk rumah mu!” Melalui kisah ini, Dewi Candraningrum mengajak peserta untuk memaknai bahwa keberagaman tidak hanya terbatas pada manusia tetapi juga entitas selain manusia. Mereka setara dengan manusia dan dapat pula berkomunikasi dengan manusia. Untuk itu manusia harus peka terhadap bahasa-bahasa dari entitas lain yang ‘bersuara dalam keheningan’, sebagaimana alam telah berbicara pada kita.
Berbicara tentang keberagaman mustahil dilakukan tanpa penghargaan terhadap identitas dan subyektivitas. Menurut dosen Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta ini, identitas dapat tampil dalam tiga ruang: pertama, ruang diskursif, sebagaimana ia hadir pada pembicaraan-pembicaraan manusia; kedua, ruang performatif sebagaimana ia ditampilkan; dan yang ketiga ruang historis, artinya identitas yang terkait dengan jejak konteksnya di masa lalu. Dengan kata lain, sebuah identitas tidak dapat dinilai apalagi dihakimi tanpa melihat konteks dan jejak pembentukannya. Mengutip Julia Kristeva, Candraningrum menyatakan, “dalam hidup manusia modern atau bahkan posmodern saat ini ada sebuah horor yang terjadi ketika kita menjadikan sang liyan atau yang berbeda dengan kita sebagai abject atau yang ditakuti dan dianggap merusak tatanan.” Teman-teman LGBTQ dan kelompok-kelompok lain yang berbeda dari kebanyakan orang seringkali menjadi pihak yang di-abject-kan. Padahal, dari keberadaan sang liyan itu kita justru belajar bahwa sesungguhnya kita memang beragam dan kita perlu menerima keberagaman tersebut. “Ini bisa dimulai dengan menghargai sesuatu sebagai subjek, menghargai ia sebagai ia, bukan sebagai benda,” ujar Dewi. Sehingga apapun bentuk atau identitas seksualitas seseorang—laki-laki, perempuan, laki-laki yang hidup sebagai perempuan, perempuan yang hidup sebagai laki-laki, atau seseorang yang hidup dalam kedua identitas tersebut—patut dan perlu kita hargai sebagai subyek. Muara dari ini adalah penumbuhan dua nilai dalam diri kita, yakni kesadaran dan penghormatan terhadap yang lain di luar diri kita.
Sebenarnya keberagaman bukanlah hal baru bagi masyarakat kita. Namun, menurut Dewi, manusia modern pada hari ini tengah mengalami disartikulasi narasi akar dan teritorialisasi manusia dan alam. Yang pertama, kita telah terputus dari narasi-narasi akar. Nenek moyang kita pada zaman dahulu telah lebih dulu menghadapi realitas subjektifitas yang sangat kaya dan mereka dapat menghargainya. Dewi Candraningrum menunjukkan video dokumenter singkat mengenai Suku Bugis. Tak hanya dua jenis gender, Suku Bugis mengenal hingga lima gender. Selain laki dan perempuan, Suku Bugis mengenal Callalai, Callabai, dan Bissu. Mereka adalah orang-orang yang hidup dalam hibiriditas identitas laki-laki dan perempuan. Kelima gender tersebut merupakan kesatuan dan saling terlibat aktif dalam segala praktik kultur di masyarakat, terutama persembahan terhadap alam dan pertanian. Masyarakat Bugis justru memaknai keberagaman identitas itu secara positif dan terkait erat dengan keberlangsungan kesuburan alam.
Yang kedua, Candraningrum menceritakan pengalamannya meng-advokasi para ibu di Kendeng, Jawa Tengah yang menolak eksploitasi alam oleh perusahaan-perusahaan semen nasional adan multinasional. Eksploitasi tersebut terjadi karena teritorialisasi manusia dari alam. Manusia tidak lagi merasa terlibat dan terikat pada alam atau peristiwa alam yang tengah terjadi di tempat lain. Menurut Candraningrum, bumi adalah satu kesatuan dan tidak terbatasi oleh wilayah administratif. Bahkan kita manusia, adalah juga bagian dari bumi. Sehingga, walaupun ia adalah orang Solo ia merasa perlu terlibat dalam advokasi ibu-ibu Kendeng. Alam adalah Ibu yang tidak boleh dieksploitasi sebab ia adalah ibu kita, sumber hidup kita.
Pada akhirnya, Candraningrum mengingatkan bahwa kita perlu waspada dan hormat terhadap semua subjek dan subjektivitasnya. Kesadaran dan penghormatan terhadap yang liyan itu akan lebih baik jika dipadukan dengan pengetahuan. Sebuah advokasi hanya menjadi baik dan berhasil jika basis kekuatannya adalah pengetahuan yang dijiwai oleh semangat menebar bagi kebaikan seluruh subjek.
Abstract
Corruption is a problem of civilization which, by extension, is a problem of culture. This must be confronted by reviving the cultural values of anti-corruption. Learning from local traditions which combat corruption can be a powerful instrument to fix corrupt tendencies in a state. Strong beliefs in local cultural values can become the base of these efforts. In other words, the culture will create the people, and the people will create the civilization. Presenter try to offer an overview of Mambagi Jambar (Sharing Pieces of Meat) activity as representative of the cultural activities which combat corruption. By basing on ethnographic interviews and analysis of related texts, the presenter will describe this discussion in a systematic matter. The first part introduces global corruption and, furthermore, the issue of corruption in Indonesia. The second part describes the activities of padalan jambar juhut in Toba Batak culture. The last part then discusses these activities and their contributions in an effort to revive anti-corrupt cultural practices.
Speaker
Subandri Simbolon is Public education Staf at CRCS-UGM. His research, focused on culture and populer issue, has been published in globethic.net journal. He finished his BA at Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat dan Teologi (STFT) Widya Sasana Malang where he majored in Christian Philosophy. In 2014, he graduated from CRCS-UGM where focuse on Culture and Ecology. In 2014 and 2015, he awarded the first winner for globetthic.net essay competition about “Anti Corruption Ethics and Religiosity (2014) and “Responsible Leadership (2015)“.
