Azis Anwar Fachrudin | CRCS | Article
As the Islamic State (IS) organization destroyed ancient statues aged thousands of years at the Mosul museum in Iraq last month, almost at the same time some Muslims demanded that the Jayandaru statues in the Sidoarjo town square in East Java should be torn down too. Their reasons were similar: They regarded the statues as idols being worshipped and idolatry is considered part of polytheism or shirk, the biggest and most unforgivable sin in Islam. Sadly, the demands in Sidoarjo were primarily supported by GP Ansor, the youth wing of the supposedly “moderate” Nahdlatul Ulama (NU).
NU is often associated with being against “purification” (a literal interpretation of Islam) and it usually would be in the forefront of safeguarding “holy graves” against the threat of destruction, particularly the graves where those considered Muslim saints are buried. The NU highly condemns IS, including its blasting of holy shrines like the tomb of the Prophet Jonah (Yunus) in Iraq, and the actions of al-Nusra, such as its destruction of the grave of the leading imam an-Nawawi in Syria.
In fact, the embryo of NU in the early 20th century was a movement protesting the destruction of tombs of respected Muslim figures and sites that had historic importance for Muslims in Saudi Arabia (named Hijaz at that time). The destruction was carried out under the convictions of Wahhabism that regarded those shrines as sources of shirk.
What we are now dealing with is here, however, are statues, which is different from the contentious status of holy tombs. Many Muslims still visit graves of the holy figures; there is no clear prohibition of such a practice in primary Islamic sources of teachings. Yet there are several explicit prohibitions based on hadiths or prophetic traditions (which are secondary sources) of making full-figured statues or images of living creatures, either human or animal.
IS justifies its actions with those hadiths, relying also on the narrated story that the Prophet Muhammad commanded the destruction of statues (or, to be precise, idols) surrounding the Ka’ba in the eighth year following his conquest of Mecca.
The same justification was employed also by Afghanistan’s Taliban when in 2001 they blew up the two giant statues of Buddha in Bamiyan made in the 6th century — without knowing that there is no concept of a personal God in Buddhism, which is a non-theistic religion, and the statues of Shakyamuni Buddha are not subject to worship in the sense understood by monotheists.
That is it. Without denying the possibility of the political or economic factors in the aforementioned cases, the question here is whether Islam promotes iconoclasm or the destruction of idols. Iconoclasm is not unique to Islam (or, to be exact, Muslims); Judaism and Christianity also share history or scriptural teachings of iconoclasm. The story of the golden statue of a calf in the time of Moses is shared by the three religions. Iconoclasm was commanded by Hezekiah, the king of Judah (Two Kings 18:4) and King Josiah (Two Kings 23:1-20).
It appears also in the rabbinical Midrash, the story of Abraham as the iconoclast destroying idols made by his father. In Christianity, disputes over iconoclasm occurred in the Byzantine and Protestant Reformation era.
That is what is narrated in the scripture or “history”. As for Islam, while the Prophet Abraham is reported in the Koran to be destroying idols (asnam) of his people (Koran 21:52-67), the holy book says of King Solomon, considered a prophet by Muslims, that “they [the jinns] made for him [i.e. Solomon] what he willed: synagogues and statues [tamathil], basins like wells and boilers built into the ground.”
The Koranic terminology appears to differentiate between a mere statue (timthal) and an idol or statue being worshipped (sanam).
Muslim scholars all agree that it is prohibited for Muslims to worship statues because it makes them idolatrous. But that distinction between timthal and sanam matters very much when it comes to the contentious status of statues that are not worshipped.
Some Muslim scholars, such as the leading reformer Muhammad Abdul, Jadul-Haq (a former Grandsheikh of al-Azhar), and Muhammad Imarah (a renowned Muslim thinker), argued that it is allowed to have statues as long as they are not worshipped.
And in the fundamentals of Islamic jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh), “rulings are based on their raison d’etre [‘illah al-hukm]; when the raison d’etre disappears, the rulings do not prevail.”
That argument is supported by historical evidence of the early Muslim generations. The companions of the Prophet (such as Amr ibn al-Ash in Egypt and Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas in Iraq) led conquests in many places, but did not destroy the ancient statues they found, because those statues were no longer worshipped.
Sphinxes still exist in Egypt. Those Mesopotamian statues had been there for centuries before being demolished by IS. The Bamiyan Buddha statues were there before being attacked by the Taliban.
In fact, when the Taliban were under Mullah Mohammed Omar, he once issued a decree in favor of the preservation of the Bamiyan statues by arguing that, besides the fact that a Buddhist population no longer existed in Afghanistan, the statues could be a potential major source of tourism income for Afghanistan.
Statues in the Borobudur Buddhist temple are also still there, although nine stupas were damaged during the 1985 Borobudur bombing. In general, most Muslims, either as a minority like in India or as a majority like in Indonesia, have no problem with statues, unlike those who prefer a literal interpretation of the Prophet’s sayings, or hadiths. Scripturalism is the very problem of IS-like Muslims; it denies the imperative that scripture must be contextualized with surrounding circumstances and contrasted with historical evidence.
Furthermore, in the heart of the holiest site for Muslims — the Ka’ba — there is a black stone (al-hajar al-aswad), that was venerated in the pre-Islamic pagan era and is kissed by Muslims while doing pilgrimage. That stone is considered sacred by many Muslims; some of them touch it to get sort of blessing or expiation of sins. And in regard to this practice, the second caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab has frequently been quoted as saying, “I know that you are a stone and can neither harm nor benefit anyone. Had I not seen the Messenger kissing you, I would not have kissed you.” That is, it is not statues, images, or stones that matter; it is Muslim minds that do.
For some nahdliyin (NU members), then, can we regard those statues in Sidoarjo as merely statues or stones that are not worshipped?

M Rizal Abdi | CRCS | Book Review

Menandai sebuah usia dengan penerbitan sebuah buku bukanlah hal baru di dunia akademik. Boleh jadi  hampir setiap pusat studi dan fakultas melakukannya meski tak ajeg, misal dua tahunan atau per lustrum. Bahkan, perayaan ulang tahun seorang professor di masa paruh bayanya kini kurang sahih tanpa penerbitan sebuah karya. Namun, di tengah gempita penerbitan itu, patut dicatat sejauh mana penerbitan buku tersebut tidak sekadar berhenti pada glorifikasi pribadi atau instansi tetapi juga berkontribusi bagi bidang studi yang ia naungi.

A. S. Sudjatna | CRCS | News
Agama tidak perlu dibela. Yang perlu dibela adalah inti dari agama: keadilan dan kebenaran. Kurang lebih seperti itulah hal yang diungkapkan oleh Elga Sarapung di awal pemaparannya dalam diskusi bertema “Atas Nama Agama? Sebuah Tinjauan atas Kekerasan di Singkil dan Tolikara”, Jumat, 11 Desember 2015. Diskusi ini menampilkan dua orang pembicara, Elga Sarapung dari Interfidei dan Rizal Panggabean, staf pengajar di Departemen Hubungan International, UGM.
Diskusi yang diselenggarakan oleh Institute of International Studies (IIS), Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan International, Fakultas Fisipol, UGM, ini merupakan sebuah refleksi atas peringatan hari HAM (Hak Asasi Manusia) sedunia yang jatuh tiap tanggal 10 Desember. Diharapkan, dengan adanya diskusi ini para mahasiswa dan kalangan akademisi lainnya dapat memahami secara lebih komprehensif dua kasus kekerasan atas nama agama yang belum lama ini terjadi di ujung barat dan timur wilayah Indonesia. Diskusi ini berlangsung selama sekitar dua jam setengah dan dihadiri oleh lebih dari lima puluh peserta dari kalangan akademisi dari berbagai fakultas.
Dalam diskusi yang dimoderatori Ayu Diasti Rahmawati—staf pengajar departemen HI UGM—ini, Elga menyampaikan kekerasan yang terjadi di Tolikara, Papua, maupun kekerasan yang terjadi di Singkil, Aceh, memang tak lepas dari faktor agama. Pernyataannya tersebut didasarkan pada berbagai fakta yang ia temukan di lapangan. Menurutnya, ada intoleransi di dalam kedua kasus tersebut. Oleh sebab itu, menurut Elga, kita tidak boleh selalu memandang agama sebagai faktor yang tidak mungkin menjadi sumber terjadinya tindak kekerasan. “Jangan takut untuk mengkritik agama,” tegasnya.
Untuk menguatkan pernyataannya tersebut, Elga menunjukkan beberapa argumen. Ia menyebutkan bahwa sikap intoleran yang ditunjukkan oleh GIDI dengan membuat surat edaran yang melarang umat Islam  mengadakan perayaan Idul Fitri sangatlah jelas. Bahkan, sikap intoleran GIDI tersebut tidak hanya ditujukan terhadap komunitas yang berbeda agama, melainkan juga terhadap sesama Kristen, seperti yang mereka lakukan terhadap umat Advent. Dalam hal ini, Elga juga mengutip ucapan Ustadz Ali Muchtar saat acara peletakan batu pertama pembangunan kembali masjid di Tolikara, “Saya tidak bisa tidur semalam. Kenapa GIDI tidak diundang dalam acara ini? Yang kami butuhkan adalah pengakuan dari warga GIDI.” Menurut Elga, ucapan Ustadz Ali Muchtar ini menunjukkan kemungkinan adanya sikap-sikap intoleran yang dialami oleh mereka selama ini.
Oleh sebab itu, menurut Elga, faktor agama dalam kasus Tolikara ini sangat kuat. Begitu pula dengan kasus di Singkil, Aceh. Elga menunjukkan bagaimana tekanan umat Islam terhadap minoritas Kristen yang ada di sana begitu kentara. Hal ini terlihat dalam perjanjian yang terjadi di antara kelompok umat Islam dan Kristen mengenai pembatasan jumlah gereja yang boleh dibangun. Menurut Elga, perjanjian mengenai pembatasan jumlah gereja yang terjadi sejak 1979 dan diperbarui pada 2001 tidaklah logis. Sebab, dalam kurun waktu selama itu, jumlah umat Kristen dan luas wilayah yang dihuni oleh mereka pastilah bertambah. Konsekuansinya, penambahan jumlah gereja sangat dibutuhkan. Selain itu, sebagaimana ditambahkan oleh Rizal, adanya keterlibatan organisasi Islam dalam mobilisasi massa pada kasus Singkil semakin menunjukkan peran agama dalam soal tindak kekerasan ini.
Berdasarkan bukti-bukti tersebut dan beberapa fakta lainnya yang ditemukan di lapangan, Elga berkesimpulan bahwa memang agama memainkan peran yang sangat penting di dalam dua kasus kekerasan tersebut. Meskipun demikian, baik Elga maupun Rizal tidak menampik adanya faktor lain yang dapat mengeskalasi kedua konflik tersebut, misalnya faktor ekonomi dan kekuasaan. Dalam hal ini, Rizal mengungkapkan bahwa kemungkinan adanya kecemburuan sosial antara warga asli dan pendatang di Singkil sangat besar. Sebab, menurut Rizal, kebun sawit di Singkil banyak dimiliki oleh para pendatang dari Tapanuli yang kebanyakan dari mereka beragama Kristen. Adanya kecemburuan sosial pendatang-pribumi ini tentu saja tidak dapat dilepaskan dari program transmigrasi oleh pemerintah. Begitu pula, denominasi gereja baru yang banyak bermunculan  di Papua tidak menutup kemungkinan bagi hadirnya konflik antara maupun antar-agama di sana.
Selain menyingung banyak soal peranan agama pada—khususnya—kedua kasus kekerasan tersebut, baik Elga maupun Rizal juga sama-sama menyoroti peran pemerintah dan aparat keamanan. Keduanya menganggap bahwa pemeritah—yang direpresentasikan oleh aparat keamanan—memiliki andil yang cukup besar dalam proses terjadinya dua kekerasan tersebut. Dalam hal ini, Elga mencontohkan bahwa saat para pemuda GIDI hendak menegur pihak umat Islam saat melakukan salat Idul Fitri di lapangan yang terhalang oleh landasan pesawat, seharusnya aparat keamanan bisa mengantisipasinya. Sebab, menurut Elga, tidak mungkin para pemuda GIDI tersebut dapat lolos dari pantauan petugas keamanan saat menyeberangi landasan pesawat menuju lokasi shalat Idul Fitri. Begitu juga pada kasus Singkil, seharusnya aparat dapat mengantisipasi kejadian pembakaran gereja sebab isu tersebut sudah muncul dan makin menguat beberapa hari sebelumnya. Contoh lain, misalnya, kasus Syiah di Sampang menunjukkan betapa aparat negara terlibat secara langsung dalam proses terjadinya kekerasan. Ada salah seorang aparat negara yang secara terbuka memprovokasi masyarakat untuk melakukan tindakan intoleran terhadap kelompok Syiah. Namun, pada semua kasus tersebut, negara belum mampu bersikap tegas dan cepat tanggap dalam penegakan hukum.
Sebagai konklusi dari acara diskusi ini,  setidaknya ada lima hal yang perlu dilakukan untuk meredam atau menangani kasus kekerasan atas nama agama. Pertama, mencari akar masalah pencetus terjadinya kekerasan. Dalam hal ini termasuk melihat kembali pemahaman seseorang atau sekelompok orang tentang agamanya serta implementasinya. Hal ini penting sebab agama memiliki pengaruh amat signifikan terhadap pengambilan sikap dan keputusan seseorang. Kedua, melakukan pengelolaan perbedaan dengan sungguh-sungguh. Hal ini dapat dilakukan oleh setiap pribadi maupun kelompok agama. Ketiga, melakukan solidaritas konstruktif, bukan destruktif. Misalnya, saat terjadi kekerasan terhadap sebuah kelompok di suatu wilayah, maka kelompok yang sama di wilayah lain seyogianya tidak melakukan balas dendam terhadap rival kelompoknya yang ada di wilayah mereka. Keempat, negara harus kuat, tegas, jelas, dan adil dalam penegakan hukum bagi setiap kasus tindakan kekerasan atas nama agama. Kelima, pemimpin negara dan para tokoh agama harus solid baik dalam ucapan mapun tindakan konkret dalam menjaga toleransi agama. Selain kelima hal itu, hadirnya aspek norma dan perilaku serta aspek kelembagaan dalam proses mewujudkan toleransi beragama sangatlah penting.  

Azis Anwar Fachrudin | CRCS | Article
Is it possible and necessary to have voices from Islam that are both against and for a moratorium on the death penalty? I think it is necessary, as what shapes discourse in the Muslim communities of Muslim-majority countries can influence policies in those countries. In Indonesia, for instance, an interpretation of sharia promoting a moratorium on the death penalty has been raised, but it is unfavorable to many Muslim scholars.
Amid the uproar concerning the death penalty for Indonesian migrant workers in Saudi Arabia, as well as that of drug convicts in Indonesia, opposing voices in the name of Islam are barely heard. Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), the largest Muslim organization in Indonesia, considered moderate by many, condemned the death penalty for migrant workers in Saudi Arabia, yet supported the death penalty for drug convicts. But in general, the death penalty is a non-issue for Islamic organizations.
First, this is maybe because death penalty cases in general scarcely touch the issue of Muslim identity politics — many so-called secular Muslims are on both sides of the debate. Second, capital punishment, along with corporal punishment, is prescribed in Islamic scripture so it is very difficult, though not impossible, to have a voice of Islam that is against the death penalty.
However, 21st century Muslims should review the practices of the death penalty in Muslim-majority countries and this can be done even within the realm of Islamic teachings or sharia. Here are the premises.
Sharia by many Muslims nowadays is reductively understood in terms of legalistic formulae. Sharia is associated with corporal and/or capital punishment, as if sharia is nothing but a penal code and punishments. Yet sharia literally means the way or path. In Koranic terminology, it means the path toward an objective representative of the supreme virtue of Islam, which is justice (some would add dignity of human beings and mercy and love for all creatures). 
Muslim scholars, ranging from reformists, rationalists, even literalists, would agree that the supreme value promoted by Islam when it comes to dealing with relationships among individuals and/or communities is justice, as explicitly stated and commanded by God many times in the Koran. The mercy that Islam would bring to the world is justice.
Any action leading to injustice, in whatever name, including in the name of Islam, is therefore un-Islamic and should be opposed by Muslims. All Islamic legal opinions that are against justice are thus against the sharia of Islam.
As God has commanded Muslims to be “bearers of witness with justice”, as the Koran states, Muslims should share the notion once voiced by Martin Luther King Jr. that “injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere”. All unjust punishments should be an Islamic issue, including questions over the death penalty of Indonesian migrant workers and foreign and local drug convicts.
Now, the question is how justice is manifested in punishment. The traditional fiqh (Islamic law and jurisprudence) is still lacking discussion of the philosophy of justice compared to advanced discourse in the secular realm, which has led to the concept of restorative justice, distinguished from retributive justice. The idea of qisas (an eye for an eye) is mostly understood as a deterrent and/or equal retaliation within retributive justice.
Nevertheless, Muslim scholars advocating a moratorium on the death penalty are echoing these arguments: corporal punishment, stoning or the death penalty cannot be implemented within an unjust system of governance, judiciary, or an unequal society, given the fact that those punishments are irreversible.
In this view, a just system is a prerequisite of such irreversible punishments. An unjust system is considered one of the shubuhat (ambiguities) based upon which the irreversible punishment must not be applied, as the Prophet Muhammad said. Included in that unjust system are dictatorships that are still embraced by many Muslim-majority countries, where the weak and poor are more likely to be punished than the wealthy and powerful. 
That is the argument posed by some NU leaders in criticizing Saudi Arabia’s death penalty for Indonesian migrant workers, given frequent reports of torture and other dehumanizing practices by employers. 
With regard to restorative justice, Mutaz M. Qafisheh from Hebron University in the International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences wrote that Islamic jurisprudence had many alternatives to original punishments known in modern restorative justice systems, such as compensation (diya), conciliation (sulh) and pardon (afw). These mechanisms are stated in the Koran and were exemplified by the Prophet. Qafisheh also says that classical Muslim scholars had unique mechanisms derived from the wider principles of Islam that can be understood as restorative means, such as repentance (tawba), intercession (shafaa), surety (kafala) and expiation (kafara). 
He concludes: “By looking at the philosophy of penalty as detailed by Islamic jurisprudence […] restorative justice does exist. It exists as the general rule. Retributive justice is the exception.” 
That kind of reinterpreting of Islamic scripture should be advanced by today’s Muslim scholars if Muslims want to be able to respond to the discourse of international human rights.
Also, for the Muslims who are so obsessed with the rules textually prescribed in the scripture, we should consider the notion that God’s revelation is not only in the text (ayat qauliyyah) but exists also in the universe (ayat kauniyyah), in the way human beings behave. Modern sociology and criminology should be juxtaposed and mirrored with traditional fiqh by Muslim jurists in their interpretations of the scripture.

Fardan Mahmudatul Imamah | CRCS | SPK
Setelah mengalami berbagai tekanan dari negara maupun kelompok intoleran selama lebih dari delapan tahun, para penganut Ahmadiyah di Manislor, Kuningan, Jawa Barat, kini berusaha memperbaiki kondisi dengan cara membangun jejaring sosial dengan masyarakat Kuningan lainnya. Mereka mengunjungi  tokoh agama di pesantren-pesantren, menemui masyarakat adat, menjadi relawan kegiatan sosial, serta aktif dalam beberapa organisasi kemasyarakatan. Hal itu dirasa sangat membantu untuk mengurangi tekanan fisik yang mereka alami selama ini, walaupun belum sepenuhnya menuntaskan permasalahan yang ada. Hingga kini, masyarakat Ahmadiyah di Kuningan masih menghadapi persoalan pemenuhan hak-hak administrasi sipil. Itulah beberapa hal yang disampaikan pimpinan Ahmadiyah Manislor, Nur Salim, pada acara kunjungan peserta Sekolah Pengelolaan Keragaman (SPK) VII, Jumat 27 November 2015 di Manislor, Kuningan.

Fardan Mahmudatul Imamah | CRCS | SPK