Anang G Alfian | CRCS | News

Universitas Gadjah Mada’s Faculty of Biology invited Whitney Bauman to present his on-going project at the Biology Hall on Monday, March 6^th, 2017. Students and lecturers from various faculties came to hear his lecture. His specialization on the discourse of religion, science, and nature reflects his capacity as an associate professor at the Department of Religious Studies, Florida International University, as well as author of works including Theology, Creation, and Environmental Ethics (Routledge 2009) and Religion and Ecology: Developing a Planetary Ethics (2014). A longtime friend of CRCS who has taught intersession courses more than once, he is currently working to finish his third, single-authored book with a tentative title Truth, Beauty and Goodness: Ernst Haeckel and Religious Naturalism.
In his lecture, introduced by paleontology lecturer Donan Satria Yudha as the moderator, Bauman engaged religion and science in a contemporary discussion to look for a new way of understanding each through an evolutionary perspective. This perspective of religion-science relationship was inspired by the contemporary phenomenon in which religion has gained more spaces within science.
The emphasis Bauman made in the beginning of the lecture pointed out the direction of his topic of presentation. He started how historically the notion of religion has been discussed by different perspectives from dualism and reductionism to emergence theory. Along with the continuum of religion-science relationship, he challenged to look at the relation in a new way by focusing on the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) who formulated a new way of making sense out of the world through his studies of ecology and evolution. Bauman clearly stated his stance: “to place Haeckel’s Monism in continuity with this tradition of meaning-making.” He also emphasized that everything has undergone changes and the way we understand the relation between religion and science has always been a “relationship in constant flux.” He challenged the assumption of the previous models on religion-science relationship that views Religion and Science as two different traditions. “I argue that Religion and Science are always together, influencing one another,” Bauman continued, “there is no clear separation.”
As Bauman prefers to define “religion” through its meaning-making function, he observed that the way religion attains knowledge is also inseparable from the natural evolution perspective. Further, he explained that the relation involves not only human and nature as a traditional dichotomy but more as an interconnectedness of everything.  This view triggered questions from the audience.
One member of the audience asked a question on a human special status over the rest of nature which challenged the way certain traditions or religions view the status of humans in their scriptures. “I am not sure if humans have a special status in nature,” Bauman answered, “In fact, not only humans have culture and language; many other creatures might have them too.” Because knowledge is always in process and moves together with history and experiences, he argued that it is normal for many traditions to have different understandings of nature and the Truth.
Another question posed was about whether the first human walking on earth was the one as narrated in the scripture. Baumann referred to “Adam” as mentioned in the Genesis as its literal meaning, i.e. a creature on the earth which did not refer to any specific gender. In addition, Donan Satria Yudha said that  some Muslim scientists say that Homo sapiens may constitute the first human as mentioned in the scripture and it refers to the quality of being human in the evolution, and not to a specific figure.
The writer, Anang G Alfian, is CRCS student of the 2016 batch

Abstract
As suggested by Ben Anderson, media is a powerful means in creating imagined community and accordingly in establishing a sense of cosmopolitanism. Taking this insight, the presentation will explore the rethoric represented in the series of comic under the title Baladeva, published by Tantraz Comiks (/Comics) Bali, Denpasar. The comic will be framed within the notion of micro-cosmopolitanism—a cosmopolitanism from below (Cronin, 2006)—through which the pressing questions of imagination of nationalism and cosmopolitanism, counter-transnational religious discourse, and religious minority are played out. Contemplating the present day contestation between nationalism and transnationalism discourse, understanding contemporary comics to a degree might illuminate the shift in the present Indonesia, notably from the perspective of popular culture.
Speaker
Leonard Chrysostomos Epafras is a core doctoral faculty and researcher at the Indonesian Consortium for Religious Studies, at the Graduate School of UGM. His research projects include Jewish Studies, Digital Humanities, and Pop-Culture Studies.
Look at the full poster here.

Kate Wright | CRCS | Voices from America
The United States and Indonesia are both plural societies that struggle to understand how to live together in diversity and with the meaning of pluralism itself.  From its beginnings seventeen years ago, CRCS has had strong ties with American academia. Pioneers in inter-religious studies from the U.S., including John Raines, Mahmud Ayoub and Paul Knitter, were present at our founding and have been followed by a number of visiting lecturers who have stayed for a few weeks, months, or years, and by generations of English teachers. In addition, more than thirty CRCS alumni/ae have continued their studies for MA and PhD degrees in American universities. As we followed the news of the U.S. election within the context of the anti-pluralist turns across Asia and Europe, we wanted to know what our American friends are thinking and so we invited them to contribute their reflections to this page. This is the first of the Voices from America series. To read the Indonesian translation of this article, click here. To read the second of the series, click here.

Abstract
The presenters examine popular forms of online piety in Indonesia. They are particularly concerned how Indonesian Muslims try to cope with the ambivalences that their social media practices inevitably generate. These practices range from taking wefies (selfies of a group of people) at religious events that are posted on social media platforms, participating in online Quran reading groups, various form of online da’wah (proselytization) to documenting one’s pilgrimages and meetings with Islamic figures online. Given the importance of visibility that these social media practices entail, the presentation has a special focus on the concept of riya’ (showing off one’s piety) reminding Muslims to avoid that behavior. Arguing that discussions about riya’ have experienced a kind of revival in today’s social media age, the presenters attempt to point out that online piety is inherently ambiguous eliciting a dynamic of discourses and practices that considerably informs the current field of Islam in Indonesia today.
Speaker
Fatimah Husein teaches at the State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. Her latest article entitled “The Revival of Riya’: Displaying Muslim Piety Online in Indonesia” has been submitted for a virtual issue of American Ethnologist.
Martin Slama is a researcher at the Institute for Social Anthropology, Austrian Academy of Sciences. His latest publications include “A Subtle Economy of Time: Social Media and the Transformation of Indonesia’s Islamic Preacher” Economy (Economic Anthropology 4:1, 2017). 
Look at the full poster here.

Abstract
Since 2011, 5 million Syrians have fled civil war in their country. Most of these refugees live in local communities in neighboring countries. Local faith communities and global humanitarian actors regularly work together to provide assistance for Syrian refugees. This talk presents research about Arab and Western Christians providing support for Syrian refugees living in Jordan, based on fieldwork conducted in 2015-16. The talk addresses three questions raised in literature about faith-based organizations working in humanitarian and development projects: 1) Do religious groups approach aid differently from non-religious (secular) organizations?; 2) What is the role of local faith communities in providing humanitarian aid?; 3) How do religious groups providing aid manage religious difference and deal with challenges of proselytization?
Speaker
Jonathan D. Smith is a PhD student in Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom. His research focuses on faith-based organizations in the Middle East and their effect on Muslim-Christian relations. He is currently conducting research at CRCS about religion and environmental social movements.
Look at the event’s poster here.

Subandri Simbolon | CRCS | Berita

Agar tak salah arah, kebijakan seharusnya berdasar pada riset. Kesenjangan antara kebijakan dengan pengetahuan acapkali berujung pada kebijakan yang tak menyelesaikan masalah. Termasuk di sini kebijakan yang berkenaan dengan umat beragama.
Untuk menjembatani pemerintah dengan akademisi, pada 14 Februari 2017 Balitbang Kementerian Agama bekerja sama dengan Pusat Studi Agama dan Demokrasi (PUSAD) Paramadina mengadakan diskusi dengan topik mengenai definisi agama dan penodaan agama sebagai rangkaian dari serial diskusi “Analisis Kebijakan: Riset dan Kebijakan Terkait Kehidupan Beragama di Indonesia”. Serial diskusi ini direncanakan akan menghasilkan buku terkait tema-tema seperti intoleransi, konflik agama, kebebasan beragama dan berkeyakinan, dan kerukunan antarumat beragama. Forum diskusi itu dihadiri berbagai kalangan dari pihak Kemenag, termasuk Menteri Agama Lukman H. Saifuddin, para akademisi dan aktivis. Dua dosen Program Studi Agama dan Lintas Budaya (CRCS), Dr Samsul Maarif dan Dr Zainal Abidin Bagir, menjadi pembicara dalam forum itu.
Definisi Agama
Samsul Maarif memaparkan ulasannya dengan tajuk “Meninjau Ulang Definisi Agama, Agama Dunia, dan Agama Leluhur”. Ia menyampaikan bahwa definisi agama saat ini cenderung diskriminatif karena menggunakan paradigma “agama dunia” (world religion) untuk menilai agama lokal. Paradigma ini dalam diskursus klasik Barat prototipenya adalah Kristen sedangkan dalam konteks Indonesia adalah Islam. Agama-agama lokal, dalam paradigma ini, cenderung menempati posisi yang lebih rendah. Penggunaan paradigma agama dunia itu bukan saja menyusup ke dalam cara pengambilan kebijakan oleh pemerintah, melainkan juga telah menghantui dunia akademik di Indonesia.
Berdasar pada kritik itu, Samsul menyampaikan bahwa pemahaman mengenai agama yang cenderung esensialis harus dihindari, karena agama mesti dipahami secara diskursif berdasarkan konteks waktu, tempat, dan sejarahnya. Yang sebenarnya lebih diperlukan adalah mempertimbangkan definisi dari segi efektifitasnya dalam memecahkan masalah. Dalam hal ini, definisi yang dibuat seharusnya dapat membebaskan kelompok-kelompok tertentu, utamanya kalangan penganut agama leluhur, dari perlakukan diskriminatif.
Di samping itu, Samsul menegaskan bahwa kebijakan dan studi terhadap para penganut agama leluhur mesti dilakukan dalam konteks keragaman agama, yakni bahwa para penganut agama leluhur mendapat kebebasan untuk mendefenisikan agama mereka sendiri. Pemerintah diharapkan dapat memfasilitiasi self-determinism warganya dan melihat mereka sebagai warga negara yang setara. Definisi yang baik adalah definisi yang mampu memberikan hak-hak yang setara pada semua penganut agama, baik agama-agama dunia maupun agama-agama leluhur dan kepercayaan, di Indonesia.
Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan
Dalam forum yang sama, Dr Zainal Abidin Bagir berbicara untuk tema “Kajian tentang Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan di Indonesia dan Implikasinya untuk Kebijakan”.
Zainal memaparkan diskusi mutakhir tentang Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan (KBB) baik di tingkat internasional maupun nasional serta tema-tema yang menonjol. Ia menegaskan bahwa dalam diskursus di tingkat internasional KBB bukanlah konsep yang sudah fixed dan statis, namun mengalami perkembangan hingga saat ini. Di antara masalah yang masih kerap muncul hingga kini dalam diskusi KBB adalah pertentangan antara mereka yang mengklaim universalitas KBB, sebagai bagian dari Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia (DUHAM), dan negara-negara yang menggunakan sudut pandang partikularistik, yang merelatifkan KBB. 
Terlepas dari itu, perkembangan yang menarik adalah regionalisasi HAM, yaitu diadopsinya HAM oleh beberapa regional, termasuk Uni Eropa, ASEAN, dan Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam (OKI). Lebih jauh, meskipun ada kecenderungan partikularistik itu, dalam perkembangannya HAM ASEAN dan OKI cenderung mengalami konvergensi ke HAM internasional.
Di Indonesia sendiri, Zainal melihat beberapa perkembangan penting HAM setelah 1998, termasuk ratifikasi beberapa kovenan, dan masuknya klausul khusus mengenai HAM dalam amandemen Undang-Undang Dasar. Selanjutnya, terjadi pengarusutamaan KBB dalam berbagai UU. Perkembangan ini menurut Zainal menjadi sebuah nilai plus bagi Indonesia jika dibandingkan dengan perkembangan regional, khususnya jika dibandingkan dengan banyak negara ASEAN dan OKI. Di Indonesia pun, partikularisasi KBB terjadi, yakni dalam menghadapkan HAM dengan apa yang dianggap sebagai kultur Indonesia dan aspirasi keagamaan sebagian kelompok beragama, khususnya muslim. Salah satu bentuk partikularitas itu diekspresikan dalam konsep “kerukunan”, yang hingga tingkat tertentu menjadi pembatas kebebasan.
Di bagian akhir paparannya, Zainal mengajukan beberapa rekomendasi untuk pengembangan kajian dan perumusan kebijakan terkait KBB. Pertama, “membumikan” KBB dalam tradisi kultural atau keagaman untuk memperluas tingkat penerimaan publik. Kedua, perlunya ada kajian komparatif dengan praktik-praktik kebijakan KBB di negara-negara lain untuk memperkaya perspektif dalam mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang menyumbang atau menghambat keberhasilan perumusan maupun implementasi kebijakan. Ketiga, perlunya ada perhatian pada best practices dari praktik-praktik yang sudah terjadi agar kajian kebijakan tak hanya melihat aspek legal secara abstrak namun juga situasi dan kondisi yang memungkinkan keberhasilan perumusan dan penerapan kebijakan.
Batas minimal? 
Dalam sesi tanya jawab, Menteri Agama Lukman Hakim Saifuddin mengajukan satu pertanyaan tentang batas minimal yang harus dilakukan negara dalam Perlindungan Umat Beragama (PUB). Andreas Harsono, dari Human Rights Watch, menjawab bahwa batas minimal adalah tidak terjadinya kekerasan kepada kelompok keagamaan manapun. Zainal melanjutkan dengan menyampaikan bahwa hak-hak administrasi kependudukan, kebebasan beribadah harus dipenuhi bagi semua pemeluk agama, terlepas dari bagaimana agama didefinisikan.
Kasus-kasus yang acapkali terjadi adalah sulitnya sebagian kalangan untuk mendapatkan hal-hak konstitusionalnya. Di beberapa daerah, hak-hak dasar pemeluk agama leluhur belum terlayani secara penuh. Misalnya, seorang anak tidak bisa dimasukkan dalam Kartu Keluarga orang tuanya hanya karena perkawinan mereka berdasarkan agama leluhur dan tak dapat dicatat dalam pencatatan sipil. Hal ini para gilirannya berakibat pada hilang atau berkurangnya akses-akses dalam bidang lain seperti pendidikan, kesehatan dan hak politik.
Di akhir diskusi, Menteri Agama menyampaikan bahwa Kementerian Agama terbuka untuk menerima masukan dari semua pihak, khususnya dalam upaya merumuskan RUU Perlindungan Umat Beragama yang sedang diproses.