Kendati berbeda cara, tiap doa dari masing-masing pemuka agama bertujuan sama: pemulihan bangsa Indonesia dari konflik berkepanjangan serta harapan akan kondisi yang lebih baik lagi. Selama prosesi tersebut, massa aksi duduk tenang seraya mengindahkan tiap untaian doa. Agama dengan caranya sendiri tengah mengadvokasi berbagai isu yang terjadi di masyarakat.
Jauh sebelum “religion” diperkenalkan kolonialis Eropa, masyarakat Nusantara telah memiliki pengertian “agama” dengan mengikuti konsep dīn.
Anang G. Alfian* | CRCS | Class Journal
Salah satu mata kuliah yang diajarkan di CRCS adalah Religion, Violence, and Peace Building (Agama, Kekerasan, dan Perdamaian). Tiga kata kunci ini menjadi variabel dan titik tolak diskusi tentang hubungan agama dan konflik sosial dan bagaimana upaya untuk membangun perdamaian.
Diampu oleh Dr. Iqbal Ahnaf, mata kuliah ini membahas, antara lain, persoalan relasi antara agama dan konflik. Ini dibahas di pertemuan pertama untuk membuka wawasan tentang perdebatan yang terjadi mengenai hubungan kausalitas antara agama dan kekerasan.
Pada pertemuan ini, satu dari dua bacaan yang dipakai sebagai bahan readings adalah artikel dari Andreas Hasenclever dan Volker Rittberger, Does Religion Make a Difference?: Theoretical Approaches to the Impact of Faith on Political Conflict (Journal of International Studies, 2000).
Dalam artikel itu, Hasenclever dan Rittberger memaparkan tiga mazhab dalam dunia akademik dalam membaca hubungan agama dan konflik, yaitu (1) primordialis, (2) instrumentalis, dan (3) konstruktivis.
Kaum primordialis berpandangan bahwa agama dalam dirinya sendiri memiliki unsur inheren yang dapat menyebabkan konflik. Ketika terjadi “konflik agama”, agama dibaca oleh kaum primordialis sebagai variabel yang independen, unsur yang tidak bergantung pada aspek-aspek lain, dan perbedaan identitas keagamaan itu sendiri bisa cukup sebagai penyebab konflik.
Kaum instrumentalis melihat peran agama dalam “konflik agama” sebagai instrumen saja, dan tidak memiliki peran objektif dalam dirinya sendiri. Menurut kaum instrumentalis, penyebab utama konflik adalah kepentingan politik dan ekonomi. Bagi kaum instrumentalis, agama hanya berperan dalam retorika saja, dan relasinya dengan konflik bersifat semu belaka.
Kaum konstruktivis tampak berada di tengah-tengah antara kedua kelompok di atas. Konstruktivis bersetuju dengan instrumentalis dalam hal bahwa penyebab fundamental konflik bukanlah agama, melainkan kepentingan politik dan ekonomi. Namun konstruktivis juga bersepakat dengan primordialis dalam hal bahwa agama memiliki peran nyata objektif, namun bukan sebagai penyebab utama, melainkan eskalator konflik. Agama, ketika terlibat dalam konflik, dapat membuat konflik semakin mematikan, deadly. Juga, berbeda dari primordialis yang berpandangan bahwa agama menjadi variabel independen dalam konflik, bagi kaum konstruktivis agama berperan secara dependen, tergantung pada faktor-faktor ekonomi dan politik lain yang melingkupi konflik tersebut; seberapa besar peran agama mengeskalasi konflik tergantung pada seberapa akut benturan antar kepentingan politik dan ekonomi dalam konflik itu.
Ketiga cara pandang di atas tidak bisa diperlakukan secara universal. Tapi ketiganya bisa dijadikan lensa analitis dan ditempatkan dalam suatu spektrum. Bagaimana menentukan peran agama dalam suatu konflik mestilah dimulai dari detil kasus konfliknya, lalu naik melihat lensa-lensa analitis yang ada, kemudian menentukan di antara yang tersedia manakah penjelasan yang lebih tepat.
Dalam “kasus Sunni-Syiah” Sampang, misalnya, dimensi konflik yang terjadi bukan hanya karena faktor perbedaan ideologis semata, namun juga karena adanya instrumentalisasi agama oleh elite politik, karena konflik ternyata bereskalasi pada masa perebutan kekuasaan menjelang pemilu daerah, sehingga narasi-narasi agama di legitimasi sedemikian rupa untuk suatu tujuan politik. Dalam melihat hal ini, kita tak bisa berhenti pada pandangan kaum primordialis—inilah pandangan yang diadopsi oleh mereka yang memercayai bahwa konflik Sampang itu adalah konflik Sunni-Syiah. Dimensi sosial politik dalam konflik itu wajib dihitung, mulai dari yang kecil seperti persengkataan internal keluarga, perebutan umat, hingga yang lebih makro seperti instrumentalisasi konflik untuk mendulang dukungan dalam pemilu.
Dalam perspektif konstruktivis, intervensi terhadap konflik dengan menyuarakan nilai-nilai kebajikan agama, kearifan lokal, dan slogan-slogan orang Madura Sampang sangat membantu upaya rekonsiliasi konflik, yakni untuk melakukan deskalasi terhadap konflik itu dengan mengajukan narasi tandingan primordialis. Penelitian Dr. Iqbal Ahnaf beserta peneliti yang lain dalam serial laporan CRCS tentang kehidupan beragama di Indonesia yang bertajuk Politik Lokal dan Konflik Keagamaan menunjukkan instrumentalisasi agama oleh elit politik di Sampang menjelang pilkada. Tesis S2 terkait kasus Sampang ini juga ditulis oleh mahasiswa CRCS angkatan 2010 Muhammad Afdillah yang kini telah dijadikan buku dengan judul Dari Masjid ke Panggung Politik.
Kasus Sampang merupakan contoh yang bagus untuk membaca seberapa besar peran agama dalam konflik, dan ini membutuhkan data dan analisis yang cermat. Contoh-contoh lain dari yang terjadi di Indonesia yang bisa diambil ialah kasus Ambon dan Poso, atau yang belum lama ini terjadi seperti di Tolikara, Tanjungbalai, atau bahkan kasus dugaan “penodaan agama” dalam pilkada Jakarta.
*Penulis adalah mahasiswa CRCS angkatan 2016
Farihatul Qamariyah | CRCS | News
Representatives of the Center for Religious and Cross – cultural Studies (CRCS) Gadjah Mada University took part in the international conference on the topic of Making Southeast Asia and beyond sponsored by the Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University, and held at Tha Phrachan Center, Bangkok, Thailand on 15- 16 January 2016. The event which was held by Southeast Asian Studies Program and International Studies (ASEAN – China) International Program at Thammasat University brought various issues dealing with the fields of history, politics, culture, business, and religion into academic discussion.
“New players in Southeast Asia” was the first topic of the seminar in this international conference. Suhadi, the lecturer of CRCS program who was invited to be the speaker in the seminar, delivered a presentation entitled “Religious Studies and the Emergence of Academic New Players in Southeast Asia”. His main concern was the participation of religion in scholarly discourse in relation to its strategic position in the political, economic, and social life of Southeast Asian countries. Expressing the paradoxical assumption in the modern era that religion was predicted to disappear from the public arena but has in fact has experienced a resurgence leads to a significant standing point for considering the role of religion as identity in the awareness of society in the broader context.
In Suhadi’s presentation, Southeast Asia is the potential space to engage with the discourse of religions and traditions. This is a timely issue because of the launching of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) including the ASEAN Economic Community in January 2016 and also the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration which concerns with the civil, political, cultural, and people rights of peace, but Suhadi argued that this kind of declaration has paid little attention to religious rights. By starting this point of view, Suhadi raised a number of questions about inter- and intra- religious issues, including: Who are the initiator to open this discussion? Importantly, what is the role of the public (non – theological, non – religious vocational) university in dealing with the issue of religion? Especially in the context of Asian countries?
Answering these questions, Suhadi took a look at the conditions in Southeast Asian countries in recent years. There have been emerged some public universities that open a department or center of academic study of religion or religious studies. He gives some examples of the establishment of religious studies centers in various Asian locations, such as the College of Religious Studies in Mahidol University Thailand that was established in 1999, Center of Religious and Cross- cultural Studies Gadjah Mada University that was established in 2000, and Studies in Inter- Religious Relations in Plural Societies in Nanyang Technological University Singapore which was established in 2014.
In line with the religion in the academic side, Suhadi suggested a context of differentiation on the position of religious study and the study of theology which are different in the actualization. In line with these concerns, these institutions are set up in order to strengthen inter-religious perspectives and to understand religious diversity as social context rather than to preach one religion. Hence, Suhadi emphasized the notion of taking religious studies as an alternative approach in dealing with social significance in Southeast Asia political, economic, and social life. Bringing up the absence of religious discourse in ASEAN, he argued briefly that the existence and establishment of centers or departments of religious studies in Southeast Asian Universities would be the new players in relation to the religious diversity management in the public life of Southeast Asia society and beyond.
Two current CRCS students—Farihatul Qamariyah and Abdul Mujib from the batch 2014—joined the delegation and were presenters in the Religion and Identity panel session of this international conference. Qamariyah presented her paper entitled “Eco–Pesantren: An Ecological Religious Movement Facing the Environmental Crisis”, while Mujib’s presentation title was “The Relevance of Inter – Religious Relation in Shaping of Experience in Diversity and Pluralistic Attitude”.
Qamariyah made the context of her presentation the issue of environmental degradation in the circle of ecological crisis. The meeting point of religion and ecology served as the general framework for her paper. She addressed the questions by profiling the a new Islamic movement for environmental change, the eco – pesantren, and by showing how this kind of movement is implemented in the real actualization by the study case, and how it could contribute to the problem of environment including the impacts and its challenge. She argued that Pesantren as the Islamic traditional institution with the classical type of education, offers an alternative design to face the environmental problem called as Eco – pesantren which has a substantial religious mission within practice to the environmental conservation.
Abdul Mujib took up an issue of inter – religious or interfaith relations through the social life interaction. His content of presentation is on preliminary research taking a setting in Banguntapan, Yogyakarta. He argued that this region is an area which has a good inter- religious relations due to the diversity of society’s background of religions such as Hindu, Islam, Catholic, and Kejawen. By this kind of situation, the sense of tolerance and awareness of diversity should be seized up by the society. Therefore, to examine the experience of living together with the different kind of religious identity, he proposed a framework of pluralist attitude covering the inclusive and exclusive factor in observing this case. There are some important key questions that will be addressed that are the function of religion in the society’s daily activity, how the society enable to correlate their experiences of diversity to the pluralist attitude, and the position interreligious relation in the experience of diversity and pluralism. In relation to the research focus, Mujib will examine the level and conditions of contact and tolerance within the social space of Banguntapan.
Participating in such International Conference which lifts up the diverse issues in the Southeast Asian context clearly contributes to the development of academic communication and enrichment at the international level, in Southeast Asia and beyond. (Editor: Greg Vanderbilt)
Farihatul Qamariyah | CRCS | News
New work in exploring new directions in re-contextualizing and re-conceptualizing Southeast Asia and Southeast Asian Studies was the main feature of the international conference hosted by Southeast Asian Studies Program and International Studies (ASEAN – China) International Program, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand. This program was conducted in the Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University Tha Phrachan center in Bangkok on 15 – 16 January 2016. It was the second event held by the center of Southeast Asian Studies, Thammasat University in collaboration with University of Gadjah Mada Research Center. The first was held on 2 – 3 May 2014 at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
As shown in its title “Making Southeast Asia and Beyond,” this conference had three important objectives. First, it was a space to encourage the exchange of views, experiences, and findings among senior scholars, young researchers and students. The second objective was to offer a platform for students to present their research and findings. The last, this event becomes the medium to promote academic and research collaboration between universities in ASEAN Community. The conference welcomed a variety of papers dealing with historical, cultural, political, social, religious, or multidisciplinary researches as the stage to share and engage issues concerning Southeast Asia.
This conference was attended by many scholars, graduate students, and researchers coming from several universities in Thailand and Indonesia. During two days, there were three seminar sessions and five panel discussions. The topics of the seminars were “New players in Southeast Asia,” “Southeast Asia and East Asia: Interconnections,” and “Indonesia and Muslim Studies: a New Perspective.” The panel discussions were focused on “Media and Business in Southeast Asia,” “Religion and Identity,” “Tourism and Management,” “Cultural Politics in Asia,” and “Memory and Modernity.”
The heart of motivation for this program could be summed up through some words delivered by the keynote speaker, Emeritus Professor Charnvit Kasetsiri from Thammasat University. In the opening session of his speech topic “From Southeast Asian Studies to ASEAN: Back to the Future?” he said that the opportunities are good for Southeast Asia and for ASEAN, but the region also needs integration –the possibility of a dream of one vision, one identity, and one community. Consequently, our efforts to reach this future, should be in line with the blueprints for political security, and all economic, and socio – cultural aspects in the ASEAN charter.
The Center of Religion and Cross – cultural Studies (CRCS), University of Gadjah Mada, was also invited to participate in this conference. Suhadi, as one of the lecturers, was a speaker in the first session of the seminar entitled “New Players in Southeast Asia” from the perspective of religious studies. Two students, Farihatul Qamariyah and Abdul Mujib from the batch 2014, presented their papers in the panel discussion on “Religion and Identity.” (Editor: Greg Vanderbilt)
Protecting the Sacred: An Analysis of Local Perspectives on Holy Site Protection in Four Areas in Indonesia | Author: Dr. Suhadi Cholil | Pages: IX+94 Pages| Size: 16 x 23,5 cm | ISBN: 978-602-72686-4-7| Year Publishing: Januari 2016
Indonesia is home to communities of believers in the world’s major religions and traditions, in addition to various indigenous religions and other smaller world religions. Holy sites, varying from mosques to temples to churches to tombs, can be found in all corners of the archipelago. Despite this abundance of holy sites, there is a general lack of knowledge, understanding, and respect for these sacred spaces. Holy sites, particularly houses of worship and other sacred places, are often the target of violence during conflicts in Indonesia. That is why there is an urgent need to promote the significance of public understanding of houses of worship and holy sites.
This book investigates three key questions: (a) To what extent can the Universal Code of Conduct on Holy Sites be used to campaign for respect and protection towards houses of worship and holy sites in Indonesia? (b) What are the public’s perceptions and public knowledge about houses of worship and holy sites as well as its attitude towards the recognition and respect for them? (c) How does social change affect the relationship between religions and the protection of houses of worship and holy sites in certain areas of Indonesia? The investigation took place in four areas of Indonesia: Manado, Pontianak, Bali, and Bekasi.
